The Benefits of AI in Healthcare

Harnessing artificial intelligence for health

importance of ai in healthcare

They explored the practicality of artificial intelligence benefits in healthcare and yielded fruitful outcomes. First, healthcare apps can help doctors, nurses, and other providers save time on tasks. For instance, artificial intelligence examples in healthcare, such as voice-to-text transcriptions, could help order tests, prescribe medications, and write chart notes. Moreover, software development companies are integrating AI and IoT to provide smart health devices. Such devices can monitor the patient’s heart rate, diagnose potential issues, and alert healthcare providers in case of any issues.

For example, AI is being used for disease diagnosis and operates much faster than humans. AI processes millions of data points to make a decision, but if the data it uses https://chat.openai.com/ comes from unreliable or biased sources, the outcomes will be flawed. 96% of organizations say they are hindered by data-related issues when trying to drive AI success.

importance of ai in healthcare

A significant development besides IBM’s Watson Health was Google’s DeepMind Health project, which demonstrated the ability to diagnose eye diseases from retinal scans with a level of accuracy comparable to human experts. These pioneering projects showcased AI’s potential to revolutionize diagnostics and personalized medicine. Forward-looking hospital and health system leaders see AI as perhaps the most effective path to a more productive, efficient and higher-performing health care organization. It will take a collective effort by senior executives, health IT, operations, finance, clinicians and employees and new expertise to successfully integrate AI into the daily management of a hospital or health system. Machine learning can also predict disease development and risk factors by analyzing patient data. This may include electronic health records, genetics, lifestyle factors, clinical notes, and more.

Benefits of Using a Medical Image Sharing Platform

Corti’s platform leverages AI to improve the operations and practices of emergency medical services personnel. A suite of Corti features automatically summarizes emergency calls, speeds up documentation and tracks employee performance. By compiling and analyzing this data, Corti can deliver insights to help teams pinpoint inefficiencies, offer employees tailored feedback and update any call guidelines as needed. Enabling faster payments and greater claims accuracy, hospitals can be more confident about reimbursement time frames, making them more willing to accept a larger number of insurance plans. AI essentially allows hospitals to accept a wide array of plans, benefiting potential and existing patients. But the reality is that for many years now, AI has been making remarkable strides in a wide range of industries and health care is no exception.

By minimizing the administrative burdens of ROI, we enhance the capabilities of human intelligence. This helps ensure compliance with HIPAA, the 21st Century Cures Act, and other key regulations. Patient Engagement and Adherence Applications also provide many benefits of AI in healthcare. This AI can provide personalized health recommendations, monitor treatment adherence, and facilitate remote patient monitoring. In surgical applications, AI-powered robots enhance precision, dexterity, and minimally invasive techniques. Surgeons can perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and control, leading to improved surgical outcomes.

Why is AI important in public health?

In the realm of disease surveillance, AI stands as a powerful tool. By using advanced algorithms such as deep learning techniques, AI can learn through large-scale datasets, including social media trends, healthcare records and environmental factors, to predict disease outbreaks and their potential spread.

Moreover, it uses telemedicine and offers virtual consultations with healthcare professionals. In this article, we’ll try to take a comprehensive look at AI’s impact on the healthcare industry, considering real-world use cases, risks, and prospects. Yet first, let’s see what are the benefits of AI in healthcare and how they make this paradigm shift worth it. Along with this, of course, there’s no denying that there are both pros and cons of AI in healthcare. In particular, software engineers and healthcare providers should prioritize and address data privacy and regulatory compliance challenges of using AI for healthcare purposes.

AI is also being utilized in university teaching, with the potential to greatly enhance the learning experience for students and improve educational outcomes. AI algorithms can analyse student data to provide personalized learning experiences and can be used to grade assignments and create intelligent tutoring systems. AI can also be used to create virtual reality and simulation experiences, allowing students to gain hands-on experience in a controlled environment.

You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. As it stands now, AI is helping drive innovations in pharmaceutical development, diagnostic practices and overall health care operations. But looking at the technology that is in development, it is clear that AI will soon be an integral part of day-to-day health care functions in a way that will benefit patients and medical facilities alike. When referenced together, AI, machine learning, and even natural language processing encompass the abilities of technology and software to think, learn and analyze input like a person would, but at a much faster speed and with more accuracy.

One of the key ways that AI is being used in medical radiology is through the analysis of medical images, such as X-rays and CT scans. AI algorithms are able to analyse these images, identify abnormalities, and assist in the diagnosis of various medical conditions. This has the potential to significantly improve the speed and accuracy of diagnoses, and ultimately lead to better patient outcomes. In addition, AI algorithms can also be used to automatically detect lesions in medical images.

They perform pre-defined tasks like lifting, repositioning, welding or assembling objects in places like factories and warehouses, and delivering supplies in hospitals. More recently, robots have become more collaborative with humans and are more easily trained by moving them through a desired task. They are also becoming more intelligent, as other AI capabilities are being embedded in their ‘brains’ (really their operating systems). Over time, it seems likely that the same improvements in intelligence that we’ve seen in other areas of AI would be incorporated into physical robots. AI relies on expansive amounts of sensitive patient data, which makes data privacy and security a paramount concern.

Continuous Quality Improvement

In healthcare, guidelines usually take much time, from establishing the knowledge gap that needs to be fulfilled to publishing and disseminating these guidelines. AI can help identify newly published data based on data from clinical trials and real-world patient outcomes within the same area of interest which can then facilitate the first stage of mining information. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a process used to optimize drug dosing in individual patients. It is predominantly utilized for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index to avoid both underdosing insufficiently medicating as well as toxic levels. TDM aims to ensure that patients receive the right drug, at the right dose, at the right time, to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse effects [56]. The use of AI in TDM has the potential to revolutionize how drugs are monitored and prescribed.

The collaboration employs big data medical research for the purpose of innovating patient care and approaches to public health threats. The primary goal of BenevolentAI is to get the right treatment to the right patients at the right time by using AI to produce a better target selection and provide previously undiscovered insights through deep learning. BenevolentAI works with major pharmaceutical groups to license drugs, while also partnering with charities to develop easily transportable medicines for rare diseases. Thanks to recent advances in computer science and informatics, artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly becoming an integral part of modern healthcare. AI algorithms and other applications powered by AI are being used to support medical professionals in clinical settings and in ongoing research.

Robots are being employed to gather, re-format, store, and trace data to make information access quicker and more reliable. Reputable IoT solution companies have been working closely with hospitals and other healthcare organizations to develop tools that combine strong AI. The sharing of private health data to train and use AI tools is another serious concern. Let’s importance of ai in healthcare take a look at a few of the different types of artificial intelligence and healthcare industry benefits that can be derived from their use. The WHO report also provides recommendations that ensure governing AI for healthcare both maximizes the technology’s promise and holds healthcare workers accountable and responsive to the communities and people they work with.

Diagnosis and Treatment Applications

The full potential of AI is still being discussed, but questions have been raised about its potential impact on practitioners and certain specialties, while issues around ethics, use of personal data and AI-related risks are also being considered. With this context, we can evaluate the suitability of generative AI within various health care activities. Learn how artificial intelligence can support your business and how to implement AI-powered solutions successfully. As AI continues to learn, it will improve precision, accuracy, and efficiency, further driving down costs. Respectively, General AI (Artificial General Intelligence or AGI) takes narrow applications to the next level and is where we are currently heading towards.

Butterfly Network designs AI-powered probes that connect to a mobile phone, so healthcare personnel can conduct ultrasounds in a range of settings. Both the iQ3 and IQ+ products provide high-quality images and extract data for fast assessments. With the ability to create and analyze 3D visualizations, Butterfly Network’s tools can be used for anesthesiology, primary care, emergency medicine and other areas.

With access to such extensive data, AI can also enable medical providers to proactively address patient health deterioration by alerting providers when immediate medical attention is necessary. While earlier AI models were largely limited to analyzing and interpreting existing data, generative AI systems are capable of creating new content. This content Chat GPT creation capability, coupled with the ease of use and accessibility provided through user-friendly interfaces, has led to a surge in its adoption and use by many professionals, including health care providers. The overreliance on digital information sources traditionally stemmed from patients seeking to better understand their conditions.

In the day-to-day, AI helps health care providers save time on repetitive administrative tasks, giving them more time to interact with patients, make important discoveries and ultimately deliver higher quality care than ever before. Given all the above issues, for now, the most promising prospect for AI in healthcare is hybrid models. They can improve the efficiency of diagnosis, assist with treatment planning or identifying risk factors. Furthermore, this approach would begin to yield measurable enhancements in both patient outcomes and operational efficiency on a larger scale. Making personalized treatment plans is another example of how AI drives decision-making.

  • While the application of generative AI in health care has yielded promising results, it is crucial to recognize that this technology is not a panacea.
  • While earlier AI models were largely limited to analyzing and interpreting existing data, generative AI systems are capable of creating new content.
  • For example, a study found that internet searches for terms related to COVID-19 were correlated with actual COVID-19 cases.
  • Thus, you need a high level of protection from any breaches and other vulnerabilities in order to avoid potential losses that leaks can incur.
  • According to a global study on primary care errors, 5% of all outpatients get a wrong diagnosis by a professional.
  • The bottom line here is that, though immensely helpful, AI isn’t perfect – at least, not yet – and it still requires a human expert at the end of the process.

Like with applications in other industries, AI can also be used to assist human specialists with menial tasks to bolster productivity at healthcare institutions. By infusing computer vision and edge devices into the reconciliation process, AI can automate the manual process of identifying and counting the inventory in a surgical tray. IBM watsonx Assistant is built on deep learning, machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) models to understand questions, search for the best answers and complete transactions by using conversational AI. AI applications continue to help streamline various tasks, from answering phones to analyzing population health trends (and likely, applications yet to be considered). For instance, future AI tools may automate or augment more of the work of clinicians and staff members. That will free up humans to spend more time on more effective and compassionate face-to-face professional care.

These AI Agents unburden the human workers to a large extent and have cut runtimes of each process by 70%. Additionally, Thoughtful AI identified ways to streamline some of the customer’s processes by eliminating documentation and unnecessary reviews for their employees. Increase revenue by automating your patient intake process, ensuring complete and accurate data. The first robotic surgery assistant approved by the FDA, Intuitive’s da Vinci platforms feature cameras, robotic arms and surgical tools to aid in minimally invasive procedures. Da Vinci platforms constantly take in information and provide analytics to surgeons to improve future procedures. With its early detection platform for cognitive assessments, Linus Health is on a mission to modernize brain health.

Reduction in costs is the natural byproduct of higher operational efficiency within the healthcare sector. However, besides that, AI can also be used with the specific goal of lowering expenses. From patient medical history to insurance documents, there’s no shortage of information that needs to be taken into account when running a facility. The EIT Health contribution sets out key areas of input to EU policy makers in response to the particular regulatory and policy needs of AI and data-rich solutions in health and healthy aging. The ideas, debate and hot topics from across the Round Table Meetings, culminating in our final report, can be explored via our interactive hub. The content in each virtual ‘room’ of the hub centres on one of six key domains identified as levers for change to drive greater acceptance and utility of AI within healthcare – from leadership, to risk management, to policy.

Why do we need AI in healthcare?

Healthcare AI systems can analyze patterns in a patient's medical history and current health data to predict potential health risks. This predictive capability enables healthcare providers to offer proactive, preventative care, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.

To accomplish this, AI-based systems must integrate with the hospital’s existing software and facilitate real-time incident logging and root cause analysis. The fastest, most cost-effective way to grow profits, so you can focus on patient outcomes. Amid the bustling activity in healthcare administration, one of the most critical tasks is managing Revenue Cycle Management (RCM). From claim submissions to managing denials, the complexities inherent in this process make it a prime candidate for innovation. Revenue Reporting and Reconciliation is one such suite of automation products already proving invaluable to healthcare organizations nationwide. With this in mind, let’s dive into three ways Revenue Reporting and Reconciliation is helping organizations save millions.

However, this system may not account for patient economic restrictions or other personalized preferences. The ability to draw upon a rich and growing information body allows for more effective analysis of deadly diseases. Related to real-time data, research can benefit from the wide body of information available, as long as it’s easily translated. Finally, health care providers must be vigilant about detecting and preventing attacks on the AI algorithms themselves. AI has the potential to bring about positive changes in healthcare and to empower patients by providing them with more control over their health.

In medicine, patients often trust medical staff unconditionally and believe that their illness will be cured due to a medical phenomenon known as the placebo effect. In other words, patient-physician trust is vital in improving patient care and the effectiveness of their treatment [105]. For the relationship between patients and an AI-based healthcare delivery system to succeed, building a relationship based on trust is imperative [106]. Today, AI is transforming healthcare, finance, and transportation, among other fields, and its impact is only set to grow.

As AI technology continues to develop, we can expect to see even more innovative and effective ways to use AI to educate patients. From a Saudi perspective, Sehaa, a big data analytics tool in Saudi Arabia, uses Twitter data to detect diseases, and it found that dermal diseases, heart diseases, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes are the top five diseases in the country [67]. Riyadh has the highest awareness-to-afflicted ratio for six of the fourteen diseases detected, while Taif is the healthiest city with the lowest number of disease cases and a high number of awareness activities. These findings highlight the potential of predictive analytics in population health management and the need for targeted interventions to prevent and treat chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia [67]. AI can optimize health care by improving the accuracy and efficiency of predictive models and automating certain tasks in population health management [62]. However, successfully implementing predictive analytics requires high-quality data, advanced technology, and human oversight to ensure appropriate and effective interventions for patients.

Implications for the healthcare workforce

In addition, through large datasets, AI becomes capable for predicting potential target for new drugs thus speeding up the process of identifying diseases cure. AI-enabled robots are revolutionizing the medical field, enhancing not only surgical procedures, but supply delivery, disinfection, manual and repetitive tasks in laboratories, etc., allowing healthcare providers to focus on patient care. By automating administrative tasks, AI allows healthcare professionals to focus more on patient care, improving overall efficiency and the patient experience. Iterative Health applies AI to gastroenterology to improve disease diagnosis and treatment.

importance of ai in healthcare

With our AI-powered automations, you can automate data backups and recovery, monitor network performance, and control access to patient information. Welcome AI-powered IT automation to improve and optimize your healthcare systems, such as EHR management, health information exchange (HIE), and data analytics. Our AI-powered automation solutions enable seamless recruitment and onboarding processes, from candidate screening to onboarding new hires, freeing your team to focus on higher-value tasks. By automating HR processes, Thoughtful eliminates manual errors, reduces time-to-hire, and improves employee retention, ultimately boosting your bottom line.

More insights

Now more than ever, it is crucial to deliver and exceed organisational expectations with a robust digital mindset backed by innovation. Enabling businesses to sense, learn, respond, and evolve like living organisms will be imperative for business excellence. Burnout notably affects a significant number of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, which has the downstream effect of growing numbers of healthcare workers leaving their jobs. Therefore, AI tools that can alleviate pain points that contribute to burnout, such as time spent on clinical documentation, can serve to reduce this threat to the healthcare workforce. For example, an AI tool that collects patient health information in advance of a doctor’s visit and automatically generates clinical documentation was shown to reduce intake and documentation time by 90%. While there are both advantages and disadvantages of AI in healthcare, the potential to enhance patient outcomes and streamline operations highlights why artificial intelligence is so important in this field.

10 highlight the average citations by state and show that the UK, the USA, and Kuwait have a higher average number of citations than other countries. The figure’s results are in line with Lotka’s results, with an average of two publications per author in a given research field. Our results lead us to state that we are dealing with a young and growing research field, even with this analysis. The data in the table show a low level of articles per author, either for first-authored or multi-authored articles. The results demonstrate that we are dealing with an emerging topic in the literature.

And his competence in the healthtech field helps him to address even the hidden healthcare businesses’ needs through creative solutions. AI technologies also give new opportunities in setting diagnoses, treatment, and monitoring patients. Early diagnostics, remote medicine, and AI-powered treatments can save people’s lives. Cooperation of AI and healthcare offers time saving solutions for medical organizations management. It can enhance the effectiveness of operations by analyzing patient flows, resource usage, and operational patterns. A good example is Babylon, a chatbot from BabylonHealth that supports patients at home.

Due to breakthroughs in technology, AI is speeding up this process by helping design drugs, predicting any side effects and identifying ideal candidates for clinical trials. A recent systemic review (link resides outside ibm.com) of 53 peer-reviewed studies examining the impact of AI on patient safety found that AI-powered decision support tools can help improve error detection and drug management. Another key benefit of the use of AI in medical radiology is in the area of quality control. AI algorithms can be used to evaluate the quality of medical images and improve the accuracy of diagnoses. This has the potential to help ensure that medical images are of the highest quality, and that diagnoses are made with the utmost accuracy.

To find success with AI, health IT leaders must understand its recent evolution – Healthcare IT News

To find success with AI, health IT leaders must understand its recent evolution.

Posted: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 07:00:00 GMT [source]

The misuse, unauthorized access to, or exposure of this data can have serious personal, ethical and legal consequences. Not only can this improve access to care, but it also eases the burden on the capacity of hospitals and clinics, especially for minor health issues. Patients can receive quality care from the comfort of their homes, which is particularly beneficial in rural or care deserts.

Kaia Health operates a digital therapeutics platform that features live physical therapists to provide people care within the boundaries of their schedules. The platform includes personalized programs with case reviews, exercise routines, relaxation activities and learning resources for treating chronic back pain and COPD. Kaia Health also features a PT-grade automated feedback coach that uses AI technology.

With the advent of modern computational methods, computer learning and AI techniques, there are numerous possibilities [79, 83, 84]. For example, AI makes it easier to turn data into concrete and actionable observations to improve decision-making, deliver high-quality patient treatment, adapt to real-time emergencies, and save more lives on the clinical front. In addition, AI makes it easier to leverage capital to develop systems and facilities and reduce expenses at the organisational level [78].

Every year, roughly 400,000 hospitalized patients suffer preventable harm, with 100,000 deaths. In light of that, the promise of improving the diagnostic process is one of AI’s most exciting healthcare applications. Immune to those variables, AI can predict and diagnose disease at a faster rate than most medical professionals. With these technologies, doctors can then make quicker and more accurate diagnoses, health administrators can locate electronic health records faster and patients can receive more timely and personalized treatments.

Healthcare stakeholders to AI-equipped devices: We don’t trust you if we don’t know what you don’t know – AI in Healthcare

Healthcare stakeholders to AI-equipped devices: We don’t trust you if we don’t know what you don’t know.

Posted: Tue, 06 Feb 2024 08:00:00 GMT [source]

This means that patients are diagnosed before their condition deteriorates, and more importantly, diagnosis is done when the chances of curing the disease are higher, for instance, when diagnosing cancers. Timely intervention is the key here and AI equips the doctors to act in early stages that may well translate into better prognosis for patients. Building on the guidelines developed by the European Commission’s High-Level Group on AI in 2018, we examine how healthcare professionals are handling data in the AI space.

Improving quality of care for patients and delivering the best possible outcomes will always be the ultimate goal of health care providers. In pursuit of that mission, more and more health care professionals are seeking out programs that offer specialized education opportunities in health informatics, data science or both. Technological innovations today — regardless of industry — are largely intended to save time, increase efficiency and ultimately improve outcomes for businesses and consumers.

They range from basic laboratory robots to extremely sophisticated surgical robots that can work alongside a human surgeon or carry out procedures on their own. They are used in hospitals and labs for repetitive jobs, rehabilitation, physical therapy, and support for people with long-term problems in addition to surgery. It is important for a user of an artificially intelligent system to have a basic understanding of how such models are built. This way a user can better interpret the output of the model and decide how to make use of the output. For instance, there are many metrics that one could use to evaluate the performance of a model, such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC score.[21] However, not every metric is appropriate for every problem.

Radiologists were early adopters of AI tools, which makes sense given the technology-forward nature of their work. As of 2020, the American College of Radiology reported that 30% of radiologists had adopted AI technologies. AI tools are currently being used by radiologists to detect intracranial aneurysms and pulmonary embolisms. Furthermore, they supplement routine radiologist workflows by tracing tumors and measuring the amount of fat and muscle on a CT. The release of ChatGPT’s artificial intelligence took the world by storm in 2022, leaving most casual users amazed at the type of content it could produce. While it’s clearly impressive that ChatGPT has knowledge on an unfathomable number of topics, its primary awe-inspiring feature is its ability to rapidly create novel content that generally reads as if it was written by a human.

AI also helps to diagnose skin cancer more accurately than human experts with the use of skin images. This has lowered the cases of false positives in assessing symptoms, allowed to reduce the waiting list for surgery, and make sure that only real patients get treatments. Comparative effectiveness of drugs and medical devices can be advanced by the use of top-notch technologies. Deep machine learning can choose the most applicable information from data records for experimental design to indicate the best medical solutions. Artificial intelligence has an influential role to play in patient care and a great potential to change the landscape of healthcare services.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in university medical education presents both advantages and disadvantages. In the context of exam preparation and evaluation, AI has the potential to bring objectivity, adaptability, efficiency, and reduced cost to the process. However, there are also concerns regarding the quality of AI-generated questions, unpredictability, lack of creativity, and ethical considerations. The utilization of AI algorithms in question generation can ensure fair, unbiased, and consistent evaluation of medical students’ knowledge and skills. AI algorithms can also personalize exams by analysing student performance data and generating questions that focus on areas of weakness, thereby improving student learning.

importance of ai in healthcare

Location services will then allow the platform to contact people who may have been in the vicinity of the infected person. Indexed databases, including PubMed/Medline (National Library of Medicine), Scopus, and EMBASE, were independently searched with notime restrictions, but the searches were limited to the English language. It tracks glucose levels day and night, while the AI generates personalized insights and alerts patients when readings go above target thresholds.

Likewise, Google developed a deep learning model that could detect breast cancer in mammograms that showed great accuracy and fewer false positives and negatives than human radiologists. Models like this one are trained on thousands of previous mammograms to identify telltale signs of breast cancer, including irregular shapes, sizes and edges of lesions. Jvion offers a ‘clinical success machine’ that identifies the patients most at risk as well as those most likely to respond to treatment protocols. Each of these could provide decision support to clinicians seeking to find the best diagnosis and treatment for patients. Although rule-based systems incorporated within EHR systems are widely used, including at the NHS,11 they lack the precision of more algorithmic systems based on machine learning. The biggest challenge for AI in healthcare is not whether the technologies will be capable enough to be useful, but ensuring their adoption in daily clinical practice.

Global consulting firm ZS specializes in providing strategic support to businesses across various sectors, with a particular focus on healthcare, leveraging its expertise in AI, sales, marketing, analytics and digital transformation. ZS helps clients navigate complex challenges within industries such as medical technology, life sciences, health plans and pharmaceuticals, using advanced AI and analytics tools. Leverage watsonx Assistant AI healthcare chatbots to focus the attention of skilled medical professionals while empowering patients to quickly help themselves with simple inquiries.

It will be vital in our care ecosystems to find this balance that allows healthcare professionals to work alongside AI systems effectively. AI excels in medical imaging analysis, providing precise and efficient evaluations of X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. By comparing images to vast databases, AI aids in early disease detection and enables timely treatment initiation.

There has been considerable attention to the concern that AI will lead to automation of jobs and substantial displacement of the workforce. A Deloitte collaboration with the Oxford Martin Institute26 suggested that 35% of UK jobs could be automated out of existence by AI over the next 10 to 20 years. Physical robots are well known by this point, given that more than 200,000 industrial robots are installed each year around the world.

Why is AI important in public health?

In the realm of disease surveillance, AI stands as a powerful tool. By using advanced algorithms such as deep learning techniques, AI can learn through large-scale datasets, including social media trends, healthcare records and environmental factors, to predict disease outbreaks and their potential spread.

How can AI make healthcare more human?

“AI can inform changes in treatment plans quickly and efficiently with minimal human intervention. Apps can schedule surgeries and rosters to suit patients and healthcare workers alike.”

Why is AI important in the healthcare industry?

AI provides opportunities to help reduce human error, assist medical professionals and staff, and provide patient services 24/7. As AI tools continue to develop, there is potential to use AI even more in reading medical images, X-rays and scans, diagnosing medical problems and creating treatment plans.

What is the future of AI in healthcare?

The use of AI, inclusive of Generative AI, in healthcare is evolving rapidly and has the 'potential to enhance healthcare outcomes by improving clinical trials, medical diagnosis and treatment, self-management of care, and personalized care.

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